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Fusor
A fusor is a device that uses an electric field to heat ions to conditions suitable for nuclear fusion. The machine has a voltage between two metal cages inside a vacuum. Positive ions fall down this voltage drop, building up speed. If they collide in the center, they can fuse. This is a type of Inertial electrostatic confinement device.
A Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor is the most common type of fusor.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Biography of Philo Taylor Farnsworth )〕 This design came from work by Philo T. Farnsworth (in 1964) and Robert L. Hirsch in 1967.〔Robert L. Hirsch, "Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of Ionized Fusion Gases", Journal of Applied Physics, v. 38, no. 7, October 1967〕〔P. T. Farnsworth (private communication, 1964)〕 A variant of fusor had been proposed previously by William Elmore, James L. Tuck, and Ken Watson at the Los Alamos National Laboratory〔"On the Inertial Electrostatic Confinement of a Plasma" William Elmore, James Tuck and Ken Watson, The Physics of Fluids, January 30, 1959〕 though they never built the machine.
Fusors have been built by various institutions. These include academic institutions such as the University of Wisconsin–Madison,〔Ion Flow and Fusion Reactivity, Characterization of a Spherically convergent ion Focus. PhD Thesis, Dr. Timothy A Thorson, Wisconsin-Madison 1996.〕 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology〔Improving Particle Confinement in Inertial electrostatic Fusion for Spacecraft Power and Propulsion. Dr. Carl Dietrich, PhD Thesis, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007〕 and government entities, such as the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran and the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority.〔"Preliminary Results of Experimental Studies from Low Pressure Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device" Journal of Fusion Energy, May 23, 2013〕〔"Experimental Study of the Iranian Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Device as a Continuous Neutron Generator" V. Damideh, A. Sadighzadeh, Koohi, Aslezaeem, Heidarnia, Abdollahi, Journal of Fusion Energy, June 11, 2011〕 Fusors have also been developed commercially, as sources for neutrons by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace〔 and as a method for generating medical isotopes.〔"Phoenix Nuclear Labs meets neutron production milestone", PNL press release May 1, 2013, Ross Radel, Evan Sengbusch〕〔http://shinemed.com/products/, SHINE Medical Technologies, accessed 1-20-2014〕〔http://www.nsd-fusion.com〕 Fusors have also become very popular for hobbyists and amateurs. A growing number of amateurs have performed nuclear fusion using simple fusor machines.〔Hull, Richard. "The Fusor List." The Open Source Fusor Research Consortium II - Download Complete Thread. 58. http://fusor.net/board/viewtopic.php?t=13&f=7&sid=4d8521abbea0401b7c9ee0d4a6b09d6e#p512, 24 Apr. 2013.〕〔http://discovermagazine.com/2010/extreme-universe/18-do-it-yourself-basement-fusion "How to Build a $1000 Fusion Reactor in Your Basement" Discovery Magazine March 2010〕〔http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/nuclear/fusion-on-a-budget "Fusion on a Budget" IEEE Specturm March 2009〕〔http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10385853 "Extreme DIY: Building a homemade nuclear reactor in NYC" BBC June 2010〕〔http://robofusor.aditl.com/ "THE HAYLETT NUCLEAR FUSION PROJECT" Accessed 9/15/2014〕〔http://www.cnet.com/news/13-year-old-builds-working-nuclear-fusion-reactor/ "13-year-old builds working nuclear fusion reactor" CNET news, March 2014〕
== Mechanism ==
For every volt that an ion of ±1 charge is accelerated across, it gains 11,604 kelvins in temperature. For example, a typical magnetic confinement fusion plasma is 15 keV, or ≈ 174 megakelvins. An ion with a charge of one can reach this temperature by being accelerated across a fifteen thousand volt drop. In fusors, the voltage drop is made with a wire cage. Because most of the ions fall into the wires of the cage, fusors suffer from high conduction losses. At bench top, these losses can be at least five orders of magnitude higher than fusion power made, even when the fusor is in star mode.〔"Fusion in a Magnetically Shielded grid interial electrostatic fusion device" J Hedditch, Physics of Plasmas, 2015〕 Hence, no fusor has ever come close to break-even energy output.
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